Depression

The current study used latent transition mixture modeling to understand how different profiles of parental and community violence exposure place students at differential risk for involvement in bullying and exposure to bullying victimization in the future.

In the current study, we extend prior research by testing three theoretical frameworks (interpersonal risk model, symptom driven model, transactional model) to understand the associations between bully victimization, depression, and school belonging.

In Hong et al.’s (2014) conceptual framework, the author’s proposed important mechanisms and paths that may contribute to the association between bully victimization and substance use among adolescents. Specifically, we extend this framework and prior research by examining longitudinal within-person bidirectional relationships between bully victimization, depression, academic achievement, and problematic alcohol use from three theoretical frameworks - interpersonal risk model, symptom driven model, and a transactional model.